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1. Agricultural Microbiology Notes Pdf
2. Free Online Microbiology Textbook

Preview text Microbiology: What is it and why we study it? Overview Slide What is microbiology? Fascinating facts about Microbiology The study of cellular (living) and acellular biological particles that are too small to see with the eye We need instruments, lens, magnifying glasses, and microscopes in order to see this type of life particles can also impact life.

IT IS NOT, the study of any ONE group of organisms. Microbiology has no boundaries Fascinating Facts Although small, microorganisms play central roles in human activities and the web of life on the planet Thus we may think of microbiology as the foundation of the biological sciences 1. Bio Mass Microbes comprise about of the biomass. There is more microbial biomass on the planet than plant or animal (estimated 5 x 10 30 cells) There are amazing discoveries EVERY single day 2. Diversity branches on the tree of life are microbial a. Eukaryotes b.

Bacteria 3 domains of life, Microorganisms are found in all 3 domains of life. Viruses do NOT appear on the tree of life, because they are considered Focus is on Micro Bacterial and Archaea biology 3. Oldest microbial fossils are about 3.8 billion years old.

The oldest multicellular fossils are about 600 million years old. Microbes have shaped the world we live in. Cyanobacteria oxygenated our planet Every plant and every animal has evolved in the presence of microbe organism In the absence of microbes other life would never have arisen and would not survive today.

Habitat Diversity Boiling Hot Spring Antarctic Sea Ice Salt Evaporation Ponds Antarctic Dry Valley Soil 5. You are just another habitat as far as a microbe is concerned There are 10 times more bacteria in your body than human cells!

Microorganisms play central roles in human activities 6. Deep Sea Microbial Mat Most microbial cells do NOT reside on the surface, but instead live within an unexplored frontier They live within our planet, at least 3 km, has life in it. Microbiology requires us to rethink some central biological concepts a. A species Asexual reproduction b. Methods of gene acquisition Microorganisms can share genes conjugate with whomever you want Horizontal Gene Transfer Bacteria can accustom to antibiotics faster, why? Because of how they transfer genes Cells.

The microbial cell, microbial populations and communities, cell shapes The cellular microorganisms Unicellular, hence microbial cells are capable of doing everything an organisms does Must be able to adapt, must have all the necessary equipment in order to withstand any type of environment Will not find a single cell, but instead a population Plants animals cells differentiate become specialists. Different cells have different activities Shapes (Morphology) of some bacteria and Archaea Coccus Cocci Rod Bacilli Spirochete Spirilla Filaments Review in DNA Replication Chapter 6 3. Fidelity of DNA synthesis activity Mutation rate during DNA synthesis is incredibly 1 in every 108 1011 bases Why?

Polymerase 1 removes direction and proofreading occurs from 4. Termination of Replication Opposite the Origin (O) is the terminus of replication (T) where the two replication forks collide Origin of replication replication and DNA synthesis begins Replication forks collide at the terminus Ter Sites within the DNA are recognized and bound the Tus proteins. This blocks the progression of the replication forks The newly generated daughter chromosomes remain linked, like links of a chain.

This structure is called a concatemer and is resolved Topoisomerase IV 5. Supercoiled DNA in a Cell Bacteria maintain an ordered chromosome 9.

Genes Functional units of genetic information Are transcribed into RNA All genes run in a direction, but can be found on either strand of DNA Can encode proteins, mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, or even regulatory RNA RNA has a functional and genetic role RNA has the potential to encode for protein 10. Types of RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA) codes for protein sequences and is therefore translated Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is not translated. It is part of the ribosome (23s, 16s, 5s) Molecular weight of ribosomal RNA differ in prokaryotic cells Transfer RNA (tRNA) is not translated.

It mRNA sequences into amino acid sequences at the ribosome Regulatory RNA, such as Ribozymes have catalytic activity 11. Backbone contains ribose instead of deoxyribose b. RNA is typically single stranded c. Uracil is substituted for thymine d. Also synthesized to e.

Uses DNA as a template f. No primer required novo synthesis (RNA synthesis can start itself) 12. Review of RNA Structure and Function DNA Double Stranded DNA, Nucleotides, Antiparallel strands, Hydrogen bonding, Complementarity, Denaturation and secondary structures within DNA molecules Stranded molecule, polarity, nucleotides, secondary structures Inter vs. Transcription in Prokaryotes Promoter switch that turns a gene on and off Messenger RNA gets synthesized the Transcription start site when promoter is on Always downstream start site NOT transcription 14. RNA Synthesis: Transcription Transcription is the faithful copying of the template strand of DNA into RNA Transcription is carried out a enzyme called RNA polymerase Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase does not need a primer to start synthesizing the RNA direction Faithful errors made 15.

RNA Polymerase: The Transcription Factory Eukaryotes have 3 RNA polymerases, which transcribe different types of RNAs. Prokaryotes have one RNA polymerase whose activity is modulated sigma factors Core is sufficient for RNA synthesis, assuming RNA is already anchored with its template Sigma assists in binding to appropriate promoters 16. The Function of Sigma Sigma Factors act as a prokaryotic transcription initiation factors Sigma factors associate with the core RNA polymerase enzyme to create holoenzyme Promoters typically contain 2 sequence (similar to TATA box) and sequence Promoters also bind proteins which control gene expression Promoters are found of the gene they control. The gene is of its promoter and interact with sigma factor of a holoenzyme 21.

Minecraft launcher 1.7 5 non premium 1.6.4 1 12. Transcription Initiation Sigma factor of the holoenzyme specifies the site of transcription initiation recognizing a promoter Promoters are recognized and consensus sequences and a transcriptional start site, usually a purine Sigma is lost during elongation 22. Different sigma factors recognize different promoter sequences 23.

Agricultural Microbiology Notes Pdf

Transcription Initiation RNA polymerase holoenzyme binds DNA Sigma interacts with the and sequences Once RNA polymerase is positioned correctly at the transcription start site the DNA helix is unwound Nucleotides enter the RNA polymerase and the RNA polymerase starts to move along the DNA, away from the promoter 24. Step 2: Elongation Once RNA polymerase escapes from the promoter region, ELONGATION begins RNA synthesis starts at the transcription start site As RNA polymerase moves into the gene an RNA molecule is made that is complementary to the template strand of DNA and an exact copy of the coding strand Is sigma lost during elongation? Overview of Transcription 25. Overview of Transcription 25 26.

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Free Online Microbiology Textbook

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